FM / python3.12

/usr/lib64/python3.12

Name	Size	Mode	Actions
asyncio/	-	0755	rm
collections/	-	0755	rm
concurrent/	-	0755	rm
config-3.12-x86_64-linux-gnu/	-	0755	rm
ctypes/	-	0755	rm
curses/	-	0755	rm
dbm/	-	0755	rm
email/	-	0755	rm
encodings/	-	0755	rm
ensurepip/	-	0755	rm
html/	-	0755	rm
http/	-	0755	rm
importlib/	-	0755	rm
json/	-	0755	rm
lib-dynload/	-	0755	rm
lib2to3/	-	0755	rm
logging/	-	0755	rm
multiprocessing/	-	0755	rm
pydoc_data/	-	0755	rm
re/	-	0755	rm
site-packages/	-	0755	rm
sqlite3/	-	0755	rm
tomllib/	-	0755	rm
unittest/	-	0755	rm
urllib/	-	0755	rm
venv/	-	0755	rm
wsgiref/	-	0755	rm
xml/	-	0755	rm
xmlrpc/	-	0755	rm
zipfile/	-	0755	rm
zoneinfo/	-	0755	rm
__pycache__/	-	0755	rm
abc.py	6538	0644	edit dl rm
aifc.py	34211	0644	edit dl rm
antigravity.py	500	0644	edit dl rm
argparse.py	101155	0644	edit dl rm
ast.py	64452	0644	edit dl rm
base64.py	20634	0755	edit dl rm
bdb.py	33573	0644	edit dl rm
bisect.py	3423	0644	edit dl rm
bz2.py	11847	0644	edit dl rm
calendar.py	25864	0644	edit dl rm
cgi.py	34418	0755	edit dl rm
cgitb.py	12421	0644	edit dl rm
chunk.py	5500	0644	edit dl rm
cmd.py	14873	0644	edit dl rm
code.py	10962	0644	edit dl rm
codecs.py	36870	0644	edit dl rm
codeop.py	5908	0644	edit dl rm
colorsys.py	4062	0644	edit dl rm
compileall.py	20507	0644	edit dl rm
configparser.py	53789	0644	edit dl rm
contextlib.py	27637	0644	edit dl rm
contextvars.py	129	0644	edit dl rm
copy.py	8412	0644	edit dl rm
copyreg.py	7614	0644	edit dl rm
cProfile.py	6555	0755	edit dl rm
crypt.py	3913	0644	edit dl rm
csv.py	16386	0644	edit dl rm
dataclasses.py	62085	0644	edit dl rm
datetime.py	268	0644	edit dl rm
decimal.py	2805	0644	edit dl rm
difflib.py	83368	0644	edit dl rm
dis.py	30227	0644	edit dl rm
doctest.py	106749	0644	edit dl rm
enum.py	81540	0644	edit dl rm
filecmp.py	10381	0644	edit dl rm
fileinput.py	15714	0644	edit dl rm
fnmatch.py	5999	0644	edit dl rm
fractions.py	38147	0644	edit dl rm
ftplib.py	34735	0644	edit dl rm
functools.py	37940	0644	edit dl rm
genericpath.py	5572	0644	edit dl rm
getopt.py	7488	0644	edit dl rm
getpass.py	5990	0644	edit dl rm
gettext.py	21320	0644	edit dl rm
glob.py	8732	0644	edit dl rm
graphlib.py	9648	0644	edit dl rm
gzip.py	25402	0644	edit dl rm
hashlib.py	9683	0644	edit dl rm
heapq.py	23024	0644	edit dl rm
hmac.py	8043	0644	edit dl rm
imaplib.py	54209	0644	edit dl rm
imghdr.py	4398	0644	edit dl rm
inspect.py	127125	0644	edit dl rm
io.py	3582	0644	edit dl rm
ipaddress.py	81414	0644	edit dl rm
keyword.py	1073	0644	edit dl rm
LICENSE.txt	13936	0644	edit dl rm
linecache.py	5800	0644	edit dl rm
locale.py	78599	0644	edit dl rm
lzma.py	13277	0644	edit dl rm
mailbox.py	78911	0644	edit dl rm
mailcap.py	9333	0644	edit dl rm
mimetypes.py	23037	0644	edit dl rm
modulefinder.py	23699	0644	edit dl rm
netrc.py	6922	0644	edit dl rm
nntplib.py	41087	0644	edit dl rm
ntpath.py	30404	0644	edit dl rm
nturl2path.py	2374	0644	edit dl rm
numbers.py	11467	0644	edit dl rm
opcode.py	13174	0644	edit dl rm
operator.py	10965	0644	edit dl rm
optparse.py	60369	0644	edit dl rm
os.py	40821	0644	edit dl rm
pathlib.py	51052	0644	edit dl rm
pdb.py	70297	0755	edit dl rm
pickle.py	66911	0644	edit dl rm
pickletools.py	94052	0644	edit dl rm
pipes.py	8978	0644	edit dl rm
pkgutil.py	18281	0644	edit dl rm
platform.py	43388	0755	edit dl rm
plistlib.py	28582	0644	edit dl rm
poplib.py	14742	0644	edit dl rm
posixpath.py	17356	0644	edit dl rm
pprint.py	24158	0644	edit dl rm
profile.py	23092	0755	edit dl rm
pstats.py	29289	0644	edit dl rm
pty.py	6137	0644	edit dl rm
pyclbr.py	11396	0644	edit dl rm
pydoc.py	113508	0755	edit dl rm
py_compile.py	7837	0644	edit dl rm
queue.py	11496	0644	edit dl rm
quopri.py	7183	0755	edit dl rm
random.py	34689	0644	edit dl rm
reprlib.py	7148	0644	edit dl rm
rlcompleter.py	7827	0644	edit dl rm
runpy.py	12885	0644	edit dl rm
sched.py	6351	0644	edit dl rm
secrets.py	1984	0644	edit dl rm
selectors.py	19671	0644	edit dl rm
shelve.py	8560	0644	edit dl rm
shlex.py	13353	0644	edit dl rm
shutil.py	56762	0644	edit dl rm
signal.py	2495	0644	edit dl rm
site.py	23439	0644	edit dl rm
smtplib.py	43531	0755	edit dl rm
sndhdr.py	7448	0644	edit dl rm
socket.py	37815	0644	edit dl rm
socketserver.py	28065	0644	edit dl rm
sre_compile.py	231	0644	edit dl rm
sre_constants.py	232	0644	edit dl rm
sre_parse.py	229	0644	edit dl rm
ssl.py	50904	0644	edit dl rm
stat.py	5485	0644	edit dl rm
statistics.py	50227	0644	edit dl rm
string.py	11786	0644	edit dl rm
stringprep.py	12917	0644	edit dl rm
struct.py	257	0644	edit dl rm
subprocess.py	88747	0644	edit dl rm
sunau.py	18478	0644	edit dl rm
symtable.py	12477	0644	edit dl rm
sysconfig.py	33773	0644	edit dl rm
tabnanny.py	11531	0755	edit dl rm
tarfile.py	114250	0755	edit dl rm
telnetlib.py	23334	0644	edit dl rm
tempfile.py	32386	0644	edit dl rm
textwrap.py	19718	0644	edit dl rm
this.py	1003	0644	edit dl rm
threading.py	59742	0644	edit dl rm
timeit.py	13463	0755	edit dl rm
token.py	2511	0644	edit dl rm
tokenize.py	21570	0644	edit dl rm
trace.py	29352	0755	edit dl rm
traceback.py	46393	0644	edit dl rm
tracemalloc.py	18047	0644	edit dl rm
tty.py	2035	0644	edit dl rm
types.py	10993	0644	edit dl rm
typing.py	118836	0644	edit dl rm
uu.py	7341	0644	edit dl rm
uuid.py	29656	0644	edit dl rm
warnings.py	21909	0644	edit dl rm
wave.py	22769	0644	edit dl rm
weakref.py	21513	0644	edit dl rm
webbrowser.py	24169	0755	edit dl rm
xdrlib.py	5942	0644	edit dl rm
zipapp.py	7543	0644	edit dl rm
zipimport.py	27840	0644	edit dl rm
_aix_support.py	4021	0644	edit dl rm
_collections_abc.py	32089	0644	edit dl rm
_compat_pickle.py	8761	0644	edit dl rm
_compression.py	5681	0644	edit dl rm
_markupbase.py	14653	0644	edit dl rm
_osx_support.py	22023	0644	edit dl rm
_pydatetime.py	92087	0644	edit dl rm
_pydecimal.py	227283	0644	edit dl rm
_pyio.py	93593	0644	edit dl rm
_pylong.py	10790	0644	edit dl rm
_py_abc.py	6189	0644	edit dl rm
_sitebuiltins.py	3128	0644	edit dl rm
_strptime.py	28393	0644	edit dl rm
_sysconfigdata__linux_x86_64-linux-gnu.py	72132	0644	edit dl rm
_threading_local.py	7220	0644	edit dl rm
_weakrefset.py	5893	0644	edit dl rm
__future__.py	5218	0644	edit dl rm
__hello__.py	227	0644	edit dl rm

Edit: /usr/lib64/python3.12/os.py (40821B)

r"""OS routines for NT or Posix depending on what system we're on.

This exports:
  - all functions from posix or nt, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.
  - os.path is either posixpath or ntpath
  - os.name is either 'posix' or 'nt'
  - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory (always '.')
  - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory (always '..')
  - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or '\\')
  - os.extsep is the extension separator (always '.')
  - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')
  - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc
  - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')
  - os.defpath is the default search path for executables
  - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.)

Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being
portable between different platforms.  Of course, they must then
only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink
and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path
(e.g., split and join).
"""

#'
import abc
import sys
import stat as st

from _collections_abc import _check_methods

GenericAlias = type(list[int])

_names = sys.builtin_module_names

# Note:  more names are added to __all__ later.
__all__ = ["altsep", "curdir", "pardir", "sep", "pathsep", "linesep",
           "defpath", "name", "path", "devnull", "SEEK_SET", "SEEK_CUR",
           "SEEK_END", "fsencode", "fsdecode", "get_exec_path", "fdopen",
           "extsep"]

def _exists(name):
    return name in globals()

def _get_exports_list(module):
    try:
        return list(module.__all__)
    except AttributeError:
        return [n for n in dir(module) if n[0] != '_']

# Any new dependencies of the os module and/or changes in path separator
# requires updating importlib as well.
if 'posix' in _names:
    name = 'posix'
    linesep = '\n'
    from posix import *
    try:
        from posix import _exit
        __all__.append('_exit')
    except ImportError:
        pass
    import posixpath as path

try:
        from posix import _have_functions
    except ImportError:
        pass

import posix
    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(posix))
    del posix

elif 'nt' in _names:
    name = 'nt'
    linesep = '\r\n'
    from nt import *
    try:
        from nt import _exit
        __all__.append('_exit')
    except ImportError:
        pass
    import ntpath as path

import nt
    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(nt))
    del nt

try:
        from nt import _have_functions
    except ImportError:
        pass

else:
    raise ImportError('no os specific module found')

sys.modules['os.path'] = path
from os.path import (curdir, pardir, sep, pathsep, defpath, extsep, altsep,
    devnull)

del _names

if _exists("_have_functions"):
    _globals = globals()
    def _add(str, fn):
        if (fn in _globals) and (str in _have_functions):
            _set.add(_globals[fn])

_set = set()
    _add("HAVE_FACCESSAT",  "access")
    _add("HAVE_FCHMODAT",   "chmod")
    _add("HAVE_FCHOWNAT",   "chown")
    _add("HAVE_FSTATAT",    "stat")
    _add("HAVE_FUTIMESAT",  "utime")
    _add("HAVE_LINKAT",     "link")
    _add("HAVE_MKDIRAT",    "mkdir")
    _add("HAVE_MKFIFOAT",   "mkfifo")
    _add("HAVE_MKNODAT",    "mknod")
    _add("HAVE_OPENAT",     "open")
    _add("HAVE_READLINKAT", "readlink")
    _add("HAVE_RENAMEAT",   "rename")
    _add("HAVE_SYMLINKAT",  "symlink")
    _add("HAVE_UNLINKAT",   "unlink")
    _add("HAVE_UNLINKAT",   "rmdir")
    _add("HAVE_UTIMENSAT",  "utime")
    supports_dir_fd = _set

_set = set()
    _add("HAVE_FACCESSAT",  "access")
    supports_effective_ids = _set

_set = set()
    _add("HAVE_FCHDIR",     "chdir")
    _add("HAVE_FCHMOD",     "chmod")
    _add("HAVE_FCHOWN",     "chown")
    _add("HAVE_FDOPENDIR",  "listdir")
    _add("HAVE_FDOPENDIR",  "scandir")
    _add("HAVE_FEXECVE",    "execve")
    _set.add(stat) # fstat always works
    _add("HAVE_FTRUNCATE",  "truncate")
    _add("HAVE_FUTIMENS",   "utime")
    _add("HAVE_FUTIMES",    "utime")
    _add("HAVE_FPATHCONF",  "pathconf")
    if _exists("statvfs") and _exists("fstatvfs"): # mac os x10.3
        _add("HAVE_FSTATVFS", "statvfs")
    supports_fd = _set

_set = set()
    _add("HAVE_FACCESSAT",  "access")
    # Some platforms don't support lchmod().  Often the function exists
    # anyway, as a stub that always returns ENOSUP or perhaps EOPNOTSUPP.
    # (No, I don't know why that's a good design.)  ./configure will detect
    # this and reject it--so HAVE_LCHMOD still won't be defined on such
    # platforms.  This is Very Helpful.
    #
    # However, sometimes platforms without a working lchmod() *do* have
    # fchmodat().  (Examples: Linux kernel 3.2 with glibc 2.15,
    # OpenIndiana 3.x.)  And fchmodat() has a flag that theoretically makes
    # it behave like lchmod().  So in theory it would be a suitable
    # replacement for lchmod().  But when lchmod() doesn't work, fchmodat()'s
    # flag doesn't work *either*.  Sadly ./configure isn't sophisticated
    # enough to detect this condition--it only determines whether or not
    # fchmodat() minimally works.
    #
    # Therefore we simply ignore fchmodat() when deciding whether or not
    # os.chmod supports follow_symlinks.  Just checking lchmod() is
    # sufficient.  After all--if you have a working fchmodat(), your
    # lchmod() almost certainly works too.
    #
    # _add("HAVE_FCHMODAT",   "chmod")
    _add("HAVE_FCHOWNAT",   "chown")
    _add("HAVE_FSTATAT",    "stat")
    _add("HAVE_LCHFLAGS",   "chflags")
    _add("HAVE_LCHMOD",     "chmod")
    if _exists("lchown"): # mac os x10.3
        _add("HAVE_LCHOWN", "chown")
    _add("HAVE_LINKAT",     "link")
    _add("HAVE_LUTIMES",    "utime")
    _add("HAVE_LSTAT",      "stat")
    _add("HAVE_FSTATAT",    "stat")
    _add("HAVE_UTIMENSAT",  "utime")
    _add("MS_WINDOWS",      "stat")
    supports_follow_symlinks = _set

del _set
    del _have_functions
    del _globals
    del _add

# Python uses fixed values for the SEEK_ constants; they are mapped
# to native constants if necessary in posixmodule.c
# Other possible SEEK values are directly imported from posixmodule.c
SEEK_SET = 0
SEEK_CUR = 1
SEEK_END = 2

# Super directory utilities.
# (Inspired by Eric Raymond; the doc strings are mostly his)

def makedirs(name, mode=0o777, exist_ok=False):
    """makedirs(name [, mode=0o777][, exist_ok=False])

Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.  Works like
    mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost)
    will be created if it does not exist. If the target directory already
    exists, raise an OSError if exist_ok is False. Otherwise no exception is
    raised.  This is recursive.

"""
    head, tail = path.split(name)
    if not tail:
        head, tail = path.split(head)
    if head and tail and not path.exists(head):
        try:
            makedirs(head, exist_ok=exist_ok)
        except FileExistsError:
            # Defeats race condition when another thread created the path
            pass
        cdir = curdir
        if isinstance(tail, bytes):
            cdir = bytes(curdir, 'ASCII')
        if tail == cdir:           # xxx/newdir/. exists if xxx/newdir exists
            return
    try:
        mkdir(name, mode)
    except OSError:
        # Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system
        # could give priority to other errors like EACCES or EROFS
        if not exist_ok or not path.isdir(name):
            raise

def removedirs(name):
    """removedirs(name)

Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate
    ones.  Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is
    successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path
    segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is
    consumed or an error occurs.  Errors during this latter phase are
    ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.

"""
    rmdir(name)
    head, tail = path.split(name)
    if not tail:
        head, tail = path.split(head)
    while head and tail:
        try:
            rmdir(head)
        except OSError:
            break
        head, tail = path.split(head)

def renames(old, new):
    """renames(old, new)

Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left
    empty.  Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate
    directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted
    first.  After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost
    path segments of the old name will be pruned until either the
    whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.

Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made
    if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or
    file.

"""
    head, tail = path.split(new)
    if head and tail and not path.exists(head):
        makedirs(head)
    rename(old, new)
    head, tail = path.split(old)
    if head and tail:
        try:
            removedirs(head)
        except OSError:
            pass

__all__.extend(["makedirs", "removedirs", "renames"])

# Private sentinel that makes walk() classify all symlinks and junctions as
# regular files.
_walk_symlinks_as_files = object()

def walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False):
    """Directory tree generator.

For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
    itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple

dirpath, dirnames, filenames

dirpath is a string, the path to the directory.  dirnames is a list of
    the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (including symlinks to directories,
    and excluding '.' and '..').
    filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
    Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
    To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
    dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).

If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
    directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
    (directories are generated top down).  If topdown is false, the triple
    for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
    subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).

When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
    (e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
    subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune the
    search, or to impose a specific order of visiting.  Modifying dirnames when
    topdown is false has no effect on the behavior of os.walk(), since the
    directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames
    itself is generated. No matter the value of topdown, the list of
    subdirectories is retrieved before the tuples for the directory and its
    subdirectories are generated.

By default errors from the os.scandir() call are ignored.  If
    optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
    will be called with one argument, an OSError instance.  It can
    report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
    to abort the walk.  Note that the filename is available as the
    filename attribute of the exception object.

By default, os.walk does not follow symbolic links to subdirectories on
    systems that support them.  In order to get this functionality, set the
    optional argument 'followlinks' to true.

Caution:  if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
    current working directory between resumptions of walk.  walk never
    changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
    either.

Example:

import os
    from os.path import join, getsize
    for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/xml'):
        print(root, "consumes ")
        print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end=" ")
        print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
        if '__pycache__' in dirs:
            dirs.remove('__pycache__')  # don't visit __pycache__ directories

"""
    sys.audit("os.walk", top, topdown, onerror, followlinks)

stack = [fspath(top)]
    islink, join = path.islink, path.join
    while stack:
        top = stack.pop()
        if isinstance(top, tuple):
            yield top
            continue

dirs = []
        nondirs = []
        walk_dirs = []

# We may not have read permission for top, in which case we can't
        # get a list of the files the directory contains.
        # We suppress the exception here, rather than blow up for a
        # minor reason when (say) a thousand readable directories are still
        # left to visit.
        try:
            scandir_it = scandir(top)
        except OSError as error:
            if onerror is not None:
                onerror(error)
            continue

cont = False
        with scandir_it:
            while True:
                try:
                    try:
                        entry = next(scandir_it)
                    except StopIteration:
                        break
                except OSError as error:
                    if onerror is not None:
                        onerror(error)
                    cont = True
                    break

try:
                    if followlinks is _walk_symlinks_as_files:
                        is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False) and not entry.is_junction()
                    else:
                        is_dir = entry.is_dir()
                except OSError:
                    # If is_dir() raises an OSError, consider the entry not to
                    # be a directory, same behaviour as os.path.isdir().
                    is_dir = False

if is_dir:
                    dirs.append(entry.name)
                else:
                    nondirs.append(entry.name)

if not topdown and is_dir:
                    # Bottom-up: traverse into sub-directory, but exclude
                    # symlinks to directories if followlinks is False
                    if followlinks:
                        walk_into = True
                    else:
                        try:
                            is_symlink = entry.is_symlink()
                        except OSError:
                            # If is_symlink() raises an OSError, consider the
                            # entry not to be a symbolic link, same behaviour
                            # as os.path.islink().
                            is_symlink = False
                        walk_into = not is_symlink

if walk_into:
                        walk_dirs.append(entry.path)
        if cont:
            continue

if topdown:
            # Yield before sub-directory traversal if going top down
            yield top, dirs, nondirs
            # Traverse into sub-directories
            for dirname in reversed(dirs):
                new_path = join(top, dirname)
                # bpo-23605: os.path.islink() is used instead of caching
                # entry.is_symlink() result during the loop on os.scandir() because
                # the caller can replace the directory entry during the "yield"
                # above.
                if followlinks or not islink(new_path):
                    stack.append(new_path)
        else:
            # Yield after sub-directory traversal if going bottom up
            stack.append((top, dirs, nondirs))
            # Traverse into sub-directories
            for new_path in reversed(walk_dirs):
                stack.append(new_path)

__all__.append("walk")

if {open, stat} <= supports_dir_fd and {scandir, stat} <= supports_fd:

def fwalk(top=".", topdown=True, onerror=None, *, follow_symlinks=False, dir_fd=None):
        """Directory tree generator.

This behaves exactly like walk(), except that it yields a 4-tuple

dirpath, dirnames, filenames, dirfd

`dirpath`, `dirnames` and `filenames` are identical to walk() output,
        and `dirfd` is a file descriptor referring to the directory `dirpath`.

The advantage of fwalk() over walk() is that it's safe against symlink
        races (when follow_symlinks is False).

If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory,
          and top should be relative; top will then be relative to that directory.
          (dir_fd is always supported for fwalk.)

Caution:
        Since fwalk() yields file descriptors, those are only valid until the
        next iteration step, so you should dup() them if you want to keep them
        for a longer period.

Example:

import os
        for root, dirs, files, rootfd in os.fwalk('python/Lib/xml'):
            print(root, "consumes", end="")
            print(sum(os.stat(name, dir_fd=rootfd).st_size for name in files),
                  end="")
            print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
            if '__pycache__' in dirs:
                dirs.remove('__pycache__')  # don't visit __pycache__ directories
        """
        sys.audit("os.fwalk", top, topdown, onerror, follow_symlinks, dir_fd)
        top = fspath(top)
        stack = [(_fwalk_walk, (True, dir_fd, top, top, None))]
        isbytes = isinstance(top, bytes)
        try:
            while stack:
                yield from _fwalk(stack, isbytes, topdown, onerror, follow_symlinks)
        finally:
            # Close any file descriptors still on the stack.
            while stack:
                action, value = stack.pop()
                if action == _fwalk_close:
                    close(value)

# Each item in the _fwalk() stack is a pair (action, args).
    _fwalk_walk = 0  # args: (isroot, dirfd, toppath, topname, entry)
    _fwalk_yield = 1  # args: (toppath, dirnames, filenames, topfd)
    _fwalk_close = 2  # args: dirfd

def _fwalk(stack, isbytes, topdown, onerror, follow_symlinks):
        # Note: This uses O(depth of the directory tree) file descriptors: if
        # necessary, it can be adapted to only require O(1) FDs, see issue
        # #13734.

action, value = stack.pop()
        if action == _fwalk_close:
            close(value)
            return
        elif action == _fwalk_yield:
            yield value
            return
        assert action == _fwalk_walk
        isroot, dirfd, toppath, topname, entry = value
        try:
            if not follow_symlinks:
                # Note: To guard against symlink races, we use the standard
                # lstat()/open()/fstat() trick.
                if entry is None:
                    orig_st = stat(topname, follow_symlinks=False, dir_fd=dirfd)
                else:
                    orig_st = entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
            topfd = open(topname, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK, dir_fd=dirfd)
        except OSError as err:
            if isroot:
                raise
            if onerror is not None:
                onerror(err)
            return
        stack.append((_fwalk_close, topfd))
        if not follow_symlinks:
            if isroot and not st.S_ISDIR(orig_st.st_mode):
                return
            if not path.samestat(orig_st, stat(topfd)):
                return

scandir_it = scandir(topfd)
        dirs = []
        nondirs = []
        entries = None if topdown or follow_symlinks else []
        for entry in scandir_it:
            name = entry.name
            if isbytes:
                name = fsencode(name)
            try:
                if entry.is_dir():
                    dirs.append(name)
                    if entries is not None:
                        entries.append(entry)
                else:
                    nondirs.append(name)
            except OSError:
                try:
                    # Add dangling symlinks, ignore disappeared files
                    if entry.is_symlink():
                        nondirs.append(name)
                except OSError:
                    pass

if topdown:
            yield toppath, dirs, nondirs, topfd
        else:
            stack.append((_fwalk_yield, (toppath, dirs, nondirs, topfd)))

toppath = path.join(toppath, toppath[:0])  # Add trailing slash.
        if entries is None:
            stack.extend(
                (_fwalk_walk, (False, topfd, toppath + name, name, None))
                for name in dirs[::-1])
        else:
            stack.extend(
                (_fwalk_walk, (False, topfd, toppath + name, name, entry))
                for name, entry in zip(dirs[::-1], entries[::-1]))

__all__.append("fwalk")

def execl(file, *args):
    """execl(file, *args)

Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the
    current process. """
    execv(file, args)

def execle(file, *args):
    """execle(file, *args, env)

Execute the executable file with argument list args and
    environment env, replacing the current process. """
    env = args[-1]
    execve(file, args[:-1], env)

def execlp(file, *args):
    """execlp(file, *args)

Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
    with argument list args, replacing the current process. """
    execvp(file, args)

def execlpe(file, *args):
    """execlpe(file, *args, env)

Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
    with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current
    process. """
    env = args[-1]
    execvpe(file, args[:-1], env)

def execvp(file, args):
    """execvp(file, args)

Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
    with argument list args, replacing the current process.
    args may be a list or tuple of strings. """
    _execvpe(file, args)

def execvpe(file, args, env):
    """execvpe(file, args, env)

Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)
    with argument list args and environment env, replacing the
    current process.
    args may be a list or tuple of strings. """
    _execvpe(file, args, env)

__all__.extend(["execl","execle","execlp","execlpe","execvp","execvpe"])

def _execvpe(file, args, env=None):
    if env is not None:
        exec_func = execve
        argrest = (args, env)
    else:
        exec_func = execv
        argrest = (args,)
        env = environ

if path.dirname(file):
        exec_func(file, *argrest)
        return
    saved_exc = None
    path_list = get_exec_path(env)
    if name != 'nt':
        file = fsencode(file)
        path_list = map(fsencode, path_list)
    for dir in path_list:
        fullname = path.join(dir, file)
        try:
            exec_func(fullname, *argrest)
        except (FileNotFoundError, NotADirectoryError) as e:
            last_exc = e
        except OSError as e:
            last_exc = e
            if saved_exc is None:
                saved_exc = e
    if saved_exc is not None:
        raise saved_exc
    raise last_exc

def get_exec_path(env=None):
    """Returns the sequence of directories that will be searched for the
    named executable (similar to a shell) when launching a process.

*env* must be an environment variable dict or None.  If *env* is None,
    os.environ will be used.
    """
    # Use a local import instead of a global import to limit the number of
    # modules loaded at startup: the os module is always loaded at startup by
    # Python. It may also avoid a bootstrap issue.
    import warnings

if env is None:
        env = environ

# {b'PATH': ...}.get('PATH') and {'PATH': ...}.get(b'PATH') emit a
    # BytesWarning when using python -b or python -bb: ignore the warning
    with warnings.catch_warnings():
        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", BytesWarning)

try:
            path_list = env.get('PATH')
        except TypeError:
            path_list = None

if supports_bytes_environ:
            try:
                path_listb = env[b'PATH']
            except (KeyError, TypeError):
                pass
            else:
                if path_list is not None:
                    raise ValueError(
                        "env cannot contain 'PATH' and b'PATH' keys")
                path_list = path_listb

if path_list is not None and isinstance(path_list, bytes):
                path_list = fsdecode(path_list)

if path_list is None:
        path_list = defpath
    return path_list.split(pathsep)

# Change environ to automatically call putenv() and unsetenv()
from _collections_abc import MutableMapping, Mapping

class _Environ(MutableMapping):
    def __init__(self, data, encodekey, decodekey, encodevalue, decodevalue):
        self.encodekey = encodekey
        self.decodekey = decodekey
        self.encodevalue = encodevalue
        self.decodevalue = decodevalue
        self._data = data

def __getitem__(self, key):
        try:
            value = self._data[self.encodekey(key)]
        except KeyError:
            # raise KeyError with the original key value
            raise KeyError(key) from None
        return self.decodevalue(value)

def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        key = self.encodekey(key)
        value = self.encodevalue(value)
        putenv(key, value)
        self._data[key] = value

def __delitem__(self, key):
        encodedkey = self.encodekey(key)
        unsetenv(encodedkey)
        try:
            del self._data[encodedkey]
        except KeyError:
            # raise KeyError with the original key value
            raise KeyError(key) from None

def __iter__(self):
        # list() from dict object is an atomic operation
        keys = list(self._data)
        for key in keys:
            yield self.decodekey(key)

def __len__(self):
        return len(self._data)

def __repr__(self):
        formatted_items = ", ".join(
            f"{self.decodekey(key)!r}: {self.decodevalue(value)!r}"
            for key, value in self._data.items()
        )
        return f"environ({{{formatted_items}}})"

def copy(self):
        return dict(self)

def setdefault(self, key, value):
        if key not in self:
            self[key] = value
        return self[key]

def __ior__(self, other):
        self.update(other)
        return self

def __or__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Mapping):
            return NotImplemented
        new = dict(self)
        new.update(other)
        return new

def __ror__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Mapping):
            return NotImplemented
        new = dict(other)
        new.update(self)
        return new

def _createenviron():
    if name == 'nt':
        # Where Env Var Names Must Be UPPERCASE
        def check_str(value):
            if not isinstance(value, str):
                raise TypeError("str expected, not %s" % type(value).__name__)
            return value
        encode = check_str
        decode = str
        def encodekey(key):
            return encode(key).upper()
        data = {}
        for key, value in environ.items():
            data[encodekey(key)] = value
    else:
        # Where Env Var Names Can Be Mixed Case
        encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
        def encode(value):
            if not isinstance(value, str):
                raise TypeError("str expected, not %s" % type(value).__name__)
            return value.encode(encoding, 'surrogateescape')
        def decode(value):
            return value.decode(encoding, 'surrogateescape')
        encodekey = encode
        data = environ
    return _Environ(data,
        encodekey, decode,
        encode, decode)

# unicode environ
environ = _createenviron()
del _createenviron

def getenv(key, default=None):
    """Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
    The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
    key, default and the result are str."""
    return environ.get(key, default)

supports_bytes_environ = (name != 'nt')
__all__.extend(("getenv", "supports_bytes_environ"))

if supports_bytes_environ:
    def _check_bytes(value):
        if not isinstance(value, bytes):
            raise TypeError("bytes expected, not %s" % type(value).__name__)
        return value

# bytes environ
    environb = _Environ(environ._data,
        _check_bytes, bytes,
        _check_bytes, bytes)
    del _check_bytes

def getenvb(key, default=None):
        """Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.
        The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.
        key, default and the result are bytes."""
        return environb.get(key, default)

__all__.extend(("environb", "getenvb"))

def _fscodec():
    encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
    errors = sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors()

def fsencode(filename):
        """Encode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) to the filesystem
        encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return bytes unchanged.
        On Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
        'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
        """
        filename = fspath(filename)  # Does type-checking of `filename`.
        if isinstance(filename, str):
            return filename.encode(encoding, errors)
        else:
            return filename

def fsdecode(filename):
        """Decode filename (an os.PathLike, bytes, or str) from the filesystem
        encoding with 'surrogateescape' error handler, return str unchanged. On
        Windows, use 'strict' error handler if the file system encoding is
        'mbcs' (which is the default encoding).
        """
        filename = fspath(filename)  # Does type-checking of `filename`.
        if isinstance(filename, bytes):
            return filename.decode(encoding, errors)
        else:
            return filename

return fsencode, fsdecode

fsencode, fsdecode = _fscodec()
del _fscodec

# Supply spawn*() (probably only for Unix)
if _exists("fork") and not _exists("spawnv") and _exists("execv"):

P_WAIT = 0
    P_NOWAIT = P_NOWAITO = 1

__all__.extend(["P_WAIT", "P_NOWAIT", "P_NOWAITO"])

# XXX Should we support P_DETACH?  I suppose it could fork()**2
    # and close the std I/O streams.  Also, P_OVERLAY is the same
    # as execv*()?

def _spawnvef(mode, file, args, env, func):
        # Internal helper; func is the exec*() function to use
        if not isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
            raise TypeError('argv must be a tuple or a list')
        if not args or not args[0]:
            raise ValueError('argv first element cannot be empty')
        pid = fork()
        if not pid:
            # Child
            try:
                if env is None:
                    func(file, args)
                else:
                    func(file, args, env)
            except:
                _exit(127)
        else:
            # Parent
            if mode == P_NOWAIT:
                return pid # Caller is responsible for waiting!
            while 1:
                wpid, sts = waitpid(pid, 0)
                if WIFSTOPPED(sts):
                    continue

return waitstatus_to_exitcode(sts)

def spawnv(mode, file, args):
        """spawnv(mode, file, args) -> integer

Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it. """
        return _spawnvef(mode, file, args, None, execv)

def spawnve(mode, file, args, env):
        """spawnve(mode, file, args, env) -> integer

Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
specified environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it. """
        return _spawnvef(mode, file, args, env, execve)

# Note: spawnvp[e] isn't currently supported on Windows

def spawnvp(mode, file, args):
        """spawnvp(mode, file, args) -> integer

Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
args in a subprocess.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it. """
        return _spawnvef(mode, file, args, None, execvp)

def spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env):
        """spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env) -> integer

Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from
args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it. """
        return _spawnvef(mode, file, args, env, execvpe)

__all__.extend(["spawnv", "spawnve", "spawnvp", "spawnvpe"])

if _exists("spawnv"):
    # These aren't supplied by the basic Windows code
    # but can be easily implemented in Python

def spawnl(mode, file, *args):
        """spawnl(mode, file, *args) -> integer

def spawnle(mode, file, *args):
        """spawnle(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer

Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the
supplied environment.
If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process.
If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally;
otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it. """
        env = args[-1]
        return spawnve(mode, file, args[:-1], env)

__all__.extend(["spawnl", "spawnle"])

if _exists("spawnvp"):
    # At the moment, Windows doesn't implement spawnvp[e],
    # so it won't have spawnlp[e] either.
    def spawnlp(mode, file, *args):
        """spawnlp(mode, file, *args) -> integer

def spawnlpe(mode, file, *args):
        """spawnlpe(mode, file, *args, env) -> integer

__all__.extend(["spawnlp", "spawnlpe"])

# VxWorks has no user space shell provided. As a result, running
# command in a shell can't be supported.
if sys.platform != 'vxworks':
    # Supply os.popen()
    def popen(cmd, mode="r", buffering=-1):
        if not isinstance(cmd, str):
            raise TypeError("invalid cmd type (%s, expected string)" % type(cmd))
        if mode not in ("r", "w"):
            raise ValueError("invalid mode %r" % mode)
        if buffering == 0 or buffering is None:
            raise ValueError("popen() does not support unbuffered streams")
        import subprocess
        if mode == "r":
            proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
                                    shell=True, text=True,
                                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                    bufsize=buffering)
            return _wrap_close(proc.stdout, proc)
        else:
            proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
                                    shell=True, text=True,
                                    stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                                    bufsize=buffering)
            return _wrap_close(proc.stdin, proc)

# Helper for popen() -- a proxy for a file whose close waits for the process
    class _wrap_close:
        def __init__(self, stream, proc):
            self._stream = stream
            self._proc = proc
        def close(self):
            self._stream.close()
            returncode = self._proc.wait()
            if returncode == 0:
                return None
            if name == 'nt':
                return returncode
            else:
                return returncode << 8  # Shift left to match old behavior
        def __enter__(self):
            return self
        def __exit__(self, *args):
            self.close()
        def __getattr__(self, name):
            return getattr(self._stream, name)
        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self._stream)

__all__.append("popen")

# Supply os.fdopen()
def fdopen(fd, mode="r", buffering=-1, encoding=None, *args, **kwargs):
    if not isinstance(fd, int):
        raise TypeError("invalid fd type (%s, expected integer)" % type(fd))
    import io
    if "b" not in mode:
        encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
    return io.open(fd, mode, buffering, encoding, *args, **kwargs)

# For testing purposes, make sure the function is available when the C
# implementation exists.
def _fspath(path):
    """Return the path representation of a path-like object.

If str or bytes is passed in, it is returned unchanged. Otherwise the
    os.PathLike interface is used to get the path representation. If the
    path representation is not str or bytes, TypeError is raised. If the
    provided path is not str, bytes, or os.PathLike, TypeError is raised.
    """
    if isinstance(path, (str, bytes)):
        return path

# Work from the object's type to match method resolution of other magic
    # methods.
    path_type = type(path)
    try:
        path_repr = path_type.__fspath__(path)
    except AttributeError:
        if hasattr(path_type, '__fspath__'):
            raise
        else:
            raise TypeError("expected str, bytes or os.PathLike object, "
                            "not " + path_type.__name__)
    if isinstance(path_repr, (str, bytes)):
        return path_repr
    else:
        raise TypeError("expected {}.__fspath__() to return str or bytes, "
                        "not {}".format(path_type.__name__,
                                        type(path_repr).__name__))

# If there is no C implementation, make the pure Python version the
# implementation as transparently as possible.
if not _exists('fspath'):
    fspath = _fspath
    fspath.__name__ = "fspath"

class PathLike(abc.ABC):

"""Abstract base class for implementing the file system path protocol."""

@abc.abstractmethod
    def __fspath__(self):
        """Return the file system path representation of the object."""
        raise NotImplementedError

@classmethod
    def __subclasshook__(cls, subclass):
        if cls is PathLike:
            return _check_methods(subclass, '__fspath__')
        return NotImplemented

__class_getitem__ = classmethod(GenericAlias)

if name == 'nt':
    class _AddedDllDirectory:
        def __init__(self, path, cookie, remove_dll_directory):
            self.path = path
            self._cookie = cookie
            self._remove_dll_directory = remove_dll_directory
        def close(self):
            self._remove_dll_directory(self._cookie)
            self.path = None
        def __enter__(self):
            return self
        def __exit__(self, *args):
            self.close()
        def __repr__(self):
            if self.path:
                return "<AddedDllDirectory({!r})>".format(self.path)
            return "<AddedDllDirectory()>"

def add_dll_directory(path):
        """Add a path to the DLL search path.

This search path is used when resolving dependencies for imported
        extension modules (the module itself is resolved through sys.path),
        and also by ctypes.

Remove the directory by calling close() on the returned object or
        using it in a with statement.
        """
        import nt
        cookie = nt._add_dll_directory(path)
        return _AddedDllDirectory(
            path,
            cookie,
            nt._remove_dll_directory
        )

cmd: